Traditional folk architecture (buildings, housing, outbuildings, interior)
An important manifestation of the material culture of the Transcarpathian population was public housing. In the Lemko villages of Perechyn and Velykobereznyanshchyna, the most common type of estate was its single-row building with a block connection of buildings under one roof. Such estates were called «long huts». They are associated with the need to protect people and livestock from frost and animals, the convenience of caring for livestock, saving materials and scarcity of land.
Bright examples of «long hut» from the outskirts of Perechyn are museified objects. First of all, we single out the Ethnographic Museum «Lemkivska Sadyba» in the village of Zarichovo, which was opened to visitors in September 1985. The estate, which began operating as a museum, was built in 1902. The building complex includes: a hut + hay + barn + shed + stable. An extension («gazovba») was added around the barn, which insulated the stable. It was designed to store hay or straw. All rooms are located under one common roof. In the yard - some architectural forms. Along the front and end walls of the living quarters there is a path paved with stone slabs and clay. The layout of the house (hut + hay + pantry) is made on one crown - the foundation, so the length of the building depended on the length of the trunk used on the base. The log house is made of beech logs, slightly compacted along the plane of the walls, which are filled with thin slats ("laths") for better fixation of clay coating («tin’ka»), painted blue.
The roof of the house is four-sloped, covered with straw bundles in the form of steps («zhups»). The top of the roof is covered with mint straw ("myrva") and pressed with poles («kizlynamy»).
There are other small architectural forms in the yard - a well, a gate, a fence («plut»). The plane between the pegs was tightly entwined with hazel twigs by weaving technique. The front door leads to the hay, and from them - to the room and pantry, which speaks of the traditional planning of the Transcarpathian housing interior. From the halls we get to the room. The design of the ceiling in the room consists of a dividing, across the room, beams, girders and transverse slats, covered with boards on top. On the landmark, the owner set the date when he moved to the house - October 15, 1902, and also cut out the moon (new moon). On the girder, in the halls, near the front door, a sign of the sun is carved. Such carved ornaments performed not only a decorative function, but also acted as talismans of housing and symbolized the prosperity, well-being, happiness of the family.
The house is half-smoked. The room has a large rectangular clay oven, in which food was prepared, and the smoke was removed by a basket through the hay to the attic. Thanks to such a heating system, the entire roof was preserved, mice did not sharpen straw, and beans and onions were well preserved.
Three of the four walls of the room have three windows with a function defined for each: the window of the front (main) wall illuminates the working part of the room, the side (adjacent) wall - the table, and the rear facade - the stove («pec»). The filling in the house is clay. All furniture is mobile - a large bed, a different table-chest, as well as a wardrobe. A wooden cradle hangs above the bed.
The small living space of the Lemko house required the rational use of its interior space. Therefore, the furniture was of any size, simple in shape and method of manufacture. According to the functional purpose, the furniture was divided into three groups: 1) for sleeping or resting (bench, plank floor, bed, cradle); 2) for food consumption (table, bench); 3) for storage of things, objects of household and economic use (chest, bowl, shelf, spoon, pole, beds). As for their practical use, they were of two types: 1) stationary (fixed): bench, plank floor, pole, beds, shelf; 2) mobile (movable): table, benches, chest, cradle, bed.
As a rule, metal and clay kitchen utensils, a metal mortar («mozherik»), an iron («biglaz») were kept on the stove, and a shovel and a rake were kept behind the stove. Nearby - a shelf («talash») and a spoon. They store ceramic utensils, cups («sylki»), jugs, wooden salt shakers, milk jugs, wooden spoons and cookware. On a chair, near the door, put a wooden bucket («gargle») with water and mugs («kantyata») for drinking. Between the door and the stove there is a small bench where a beggar was sitting when he came to ask for alms from the owners.
A pole was attached to the stove, on which embroidered towels and clothes were hung, which were also stored in a shafar and a closet («shyfoner»). The walls of the living room are painted blue and decorated with icons («sacred images») on the adjoining wall, under them decorative faience painted plates («taniry»).
The things collected in the haylofts are a wooden stupa («tovchka») for grinding wheat, corn or millet grains, a food storage rack on which metal edgings, tepshi, a butter mill are exhibited, and on the wall there are wooden bowls («tal’ky»), a board with a rolling pin («tabla» and «kachulka») for rolling out the dough, a ruble, a metal wick and a strainer («tsidka»), next to it - a shovel to put bread in the oven. On the bench there is a stream and a brush for combing hemp and also - a field baby cradle («gombachka»).
There are many carpentry tools in the pantry: carpenters, hand drills, chisels, planers, compasses, hammers, reysmus for marking width, hand saws, stretching knives, tools for pulling the lace, and on the walls - various axes («fiysa», «manarin», «baltina»). It also stores: «welding» - a wooden vessel for boiling linen, bowls for washing clothes and fabrics, household utensils - shoes (barrels, wood chips, boots «chyzhmi», women's shoes «topanki»), a wooden bucket , utensils for grain (cuba, measures), dryer for grain, metal irons, weaving items (board, comb, reel, nichilnitsy, berdo, spindles, slipper), behind the door - a rack with ceramic and metal utensils (teats, jugs) «dovbanki», tepsha).
Outside the barn adjoins the shed («staynya»), which was formed as a result of fencing the space between the side walls of the house and the barn («stables»). The fence is, in fact, the entire width of the barn knocked down from the boards of the gate. Here they threshed sheaves, as well as kept all agricultural equipment - means of transportation (carts, sledges), yoke, harness, horse armor, tools for tillage (plow, harrow, hoe) and harvesting and processing crops (scythe, sickle, chain, rakе, pitchforks), items for making textile (cross, dreamer, reel, «chmovkhanka»).
The owner had cattle - horses, cows. There were separate places for them in the stable: horses stood on the left, cows and oxen on the right. Pigs were kept in the barn, and chickens were kept on top of the barn.
Lemkos long house, built in 1920, from the village of Zarichevo, is also in the exposition of the «Lemkivshchyna» sector of the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life named after Cl. Sheptytsky in Lviv.
Long hut - a typical residential building of the Lemkos, where under one roof are placed: hut, hay, barn, stable. The building is 19 meters long and 5 meters wide. The owner (he also built the hut) Pekar Mikhail Mikhailovich, born in 1895.
The house is log, made of beech wood. The height of the log house is 2.6 m. The roof is four-sloped, covered with knitted sheaves. Initially (in 1920) it was planned as a three-part house: a house + a hayloft + a stable. But already in 1921 the stable and barn were completed, and the original stable was converted into a shed. In 1930, the barn was converted into a second house with an exit from the passage, and a window was made instead of a door from the courtyard.
The filling in the house, haylofts, barns and sheds is made of clay. The furnace is long with a hole in front of the entrance. To the right of the door, the smoke comes out through a sloping (above the stove) chimney to the halls under the hood - a spark arrester.
In the house under the wall to the left and directly from the entrance there are fixed benches, in the middle there is a table and a chair, in front of the opening of the stove there is a wooden bed. In the halls - a millstone, a stupa; in the pantry - chests for food, a pole for clothes; in the stable - a gutter, a ladder for hay; in the shed - tools for threshing and cleaning grain. A pig was «kept» in the barn, and under its roof there were nests in which chickens laid eags.
In addition to the «long hut», the estate from the village of Zarichevo, Perechyn district, Zakarpattia region included a barn, a «shopa» for hay, a well and a cellar. Also - fence of pointed colic, nailed to two battens with a gate and wicket.
For the exposition in the Museum was chosen a granary with a cellar (early twentieth century), which belonged to Kilimanik Ilko Vasilyevich. Built of beech logs, log, with protrusions at the corners. The roof is three-sloped, covered with straw. The gaps between the crowns of the log house were not covered. The granary served for storage of the best grade of otava (hay of the second mowing) for lambs, and also for storage of various household things. Potatoes, cabbage, and dairy products were stored in the cellar (0.5 m deep in the ground). The size of the building is 3.3 by 4.9 m.
On the territory of the estate there is a shop for hay, which belonged to V.O. Gonda. Built in 1931, two-part, four-sloped roof under straw. Log house made of beech and aspen logs, with wide slits for hay ventilation. The main part of the building, where hay was stored, is separated from the carriageway by a log wall with an opening without a door. Hay was thrown through the hole. A smaller part with a gate was used for storage of tools of agricultural machinery and means of transportation (carts, sledges, harnesses). «Shopa» size 7 by 4 m.
Another object of the estate from the village of Zarichovo, Perechyn district, is a well walled with river stone. The building stood in front of the place, where peasants were threshing the grain. Its depth is 6 meters, quadrangular with a gabled roof. A handle with a shaft on which a chain with a bucket was placed on the well. This object was completely reproduced in the Museum.
A house from the village of Perechyn is a museum-like example of folk architecture from the outskirts of Perechyn, village Simerky (early twentieth century), which is part of a permanent exhibition under the open National Museum of Folk Architecture and Life in Kiev.
The last owner of the house, Ivan Rohulych, said that it was partly made up of an old house that belonged to his grandfather, but the main frame was made by his father. The time of construction (1909) is carved on a log inside the house. In addition, a coin minted in 1901 was found in one of the corners during the dismantling of the house. The house was discovered in 1978, by a museum expedition, which was led by SP Smolinsky and installed in the museum in 1982.
The estate consisted of two living quarters, a barn and a shed («pivnytsya») under one roof, as well as a brick cellar. The house is covered with straw. From the house to the barn, the ashtray, the kirnytsia, stone paths («rinyaka») were laid. Two benches with a table and stones are driven into the ground around the potion. The house was fenced off from a nearby fence with a scaffolding. To move from the yard to the neighbors, there was a special pass in the fence. The interior of the house is traditional for the southern Lemko region. Mills, «susikі», barrels, a loom and various tools are stored in the halls.
The house had two beds, a carved table, a bench, and shelves («talashi»). The house was decorated with painted porcelain plates («tangers»), flowers and angels made of corn, images and clay plates. Wooden baptismal crosses are nailed to the doorposts and window sills, which had an aesthetic and protective function. Reproduced exterior and interior from village Simerky, corresponds to the collected field materials on the estate of I. Rohulych. Here are exhibits from the Perechyn district of the villages of Turya Bystra, Turya Polyana, Turytsia, Turychky, Likitsary, Zarichovo, Lypovets.
